Hi Christian,
I've tested and debugged this some myself. Your assumption of how this should work is correct. This is an error in our Search UI with how we are putting together the query along with the refinement fields.
Your typed query is being treated as optional, when it would effectively be a required clause if you weren't using refinements. There is a workaround for this, which is to place '+(' and ')' around your query to make it required. For example, change your query from "Christian" to "+(Christian)". The refinements are being treated as required (as they should be).
We'll look at fixing this in our Search UI in an upcoming release.
Hope this helps,
-Jared